Overview of Services
Which service is best for your project?
Editing is best done in steps that correspond to where you are in the writing or publishing process. Each step has a distinct focus, which is why the order matters. Together they result in polished, professional, writing you can be proud of!
The terminology for all the types of editing can vary and be mystifying. I’ve listed the ones I offer and how I define them. Whether you’re a publisher, organization, or book author, I’ll draw on my experience to help you determine the best fit for your project.
Rates are customized to each project. My process gives an overview of how we’ll work together, my default resources and style, and the formats I work with.
> PROOFREADING
Mistakes like typos, wrong words, and formatting errors can ding your credibility and distract readers. Proofreading safeguards against these errors, so you can publish with confidence.
Authors sometimes request proofreading when the ask is “I want help with improving my writing” or “I want to make sure the grammar and punctuation are correct.” Proofreading—especially book proofreading—typically happens after the text has been fully edited and your content now looks like the final product. If your goal is to refine your writing, apply a global style, or ensure overall consistency, my basic copyediting service may be a better fit.
These are the standard proofreading items I check for:
errors: typos, misspellings, duplicated or missing words or spaces
working URLs and media links
inconsistencies*
formatting/spacing/layout
*In book-length content, global consistency issues should be addressed prior to proofreading. Numerous changes can be costly to make after a book is in its publish-ready format.
Depending on the type and format of your content, I offer two proofreading options:
Document proofreading —> short content / for individuals & small businesses
Document proofreading is intended for shorter, textual content (5,000 words or less) in MS Word with simple formatting, such as blog posts or job application documents; other word processing formats may be considered. This service includes the standard proofreading items above and can also be customized to include select basic copyediting components.
Traditional proofreading —> longer content & books / for publishers, organizations & authors
Traditional proofreading is for longer, designed content in publish-ready form, such as books, journals, magazines, or marketing materials. Typically, proofreading-ready files will be PDFs generated from a layout application. This service assumes a “cold” read of the publish-ready PDF only, but please inquire if you seek a comparison read of the publish-ready PDF against the copyedited manuscript.
In addition to the standard items above, I’ll check for:
pagination issues: TOC corresponds to rest of book; the headings in correct hierarchical order
correct formatting of citations, footnotes, endnotes, and bibliography/references list
accuracy of tables, figures, and graphics, including captions, titles, and numbering
accuracy of internal cross-references within the book
overall quality of design and layout
What I’ll deliver: For document proofreading, unless the format is otherwise negotiated, you’ll receive MS Word files with changes tracked and queries or suggestions in comments. For traditional proofreading, you’ll receive marked-up PDFs with comments. Both include a brief summary memo. All proofreading includes one round of review.
> COPYEDITING
Are your big picture elements in place—structure, plot, message, overall writing quality—and now you’re ready for a meticulous editor to review it for the four Cs: clarity, consistency, coherency, and correctness? You’re in the right place! Copyediting is the last round of editing before your book or other written material is ready for publication.
I offer two levels of copyediting: basic and comprehensive:
Basic copyediting —> elevate readability with consistent style and usage
Basic copyediting fine-tunes the mechanics of your writing on a wording level to eliminate errors, apply a consistent style, and ensure proper grammar. This elevates your writing and removes distractions, such as the same term spelled three different ways, inconsistent capitalization, or unintended word repetition.
Basic copyediting addresses:
spelling, punctuation, capitalization, hyphenation, abbreviations, and terminology
conformance to a style like AP or CMOS, or consistency within your document
standardization of formatting, such as headings and lists
spot fact-checking of verifiable information*
Comprehensive copyediting —> clarify, strengthen, and streamline the language
Comprehensive copyediting goes a little deeper, to smooth out your writing on a sentence level and amp up effectiveness and readability. I’ll help you connect to your readers through clear, concise writing that maintains your voice.
In addition to the items included in basic copyediting, comprehensive copyediting may address:
sentence length, construction, and transitions
clarity, logic, parallel structure, redundancies, and conciseness
flow, tone, and perspective
some level of fact-checking of verifiable information*
*Fact-checking expectations and fees will be determined at project intake.
What I’ll deliver: For both levels of copyediting, you’ll receive MS Word files with changes tracked and suggestions or queries noted as comments. I’ll also provide a customized style sheet that captures the editorial choices for your project, or I can add to an existing style sheet you provide. Copyediting may include one round only or one round plus final review.
> SUBSTANTIVE EDITING
When you’re immersed in a piece of writing, a new perspective can help you move past roadblocks and lead to productive revisions. Substantive editing is a strategic, high-level review to gauge overall effectiveness of your strategy and message and identify areas to improve.
Substantive editing —> high-level review of structure, organization, and message
Substantive editing is a good fit if you seek big-picture feedback and guidance for shaping, trimming, expanding, or structuring your content as a whole before revising on a granular level. This service can also help you repurpose content for different audiences or formats.
Please note that substantive editing is currently offered for nonfiction content only (trade, professional, and instructional) and does not include copyediting.
Substantive editing may address:
assessment of writing style, tone, and appropriateness for audience
content development, organization, and structure
review for biased language
What I’ll deliver: You’ll receive MS Word files with suggestions and queries, as well as a detailed report that addresses key areas of focus tailored to your needs and goals.
Rates
Each project is unique, so rates are customized based on the service, length and complexity of the content, and scope of work. Rates may be hourly or a per-word or per-project basis.
Please note that I am only able to offer a rate or fee estimate after I assess your content for the level of work that is necessary to achieve your goals.
Short documents starting at 1,000 words are welcome for proofreading and editing; minimum project fees will apply.
Complimentary sample edits of up to 1,000 words (2–5 manuscript pages of 250 words/page) may be provided for longer content. Sample edits of 1,500 words or more are available for a fee, which can be credited toward the project cost if you decide to move forward.
“Christa proofreads almost every article in the magazine before it is published. Working with Christa has saved me so much time, and her sharp eyes have prevented many errors from making it to print. I would hate to have to muddle through the production process without her.”
— Stacey Lutkosky, Managing Editor, American Scientist magazine